Long-Term Functional Outcome in Patients With Isolated Thalamic Stroke: The KOSCO Study.

BACKGROUND: Information on the long-term prognosis in patients with isolated thalamic stroke is sparse. We report the functional outcomes of patients with thalamic stroke up to 24 months from the KOSCO (Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and Rehabilitation) study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Isolated thalamic stroke was defined as the presence of lesions solely in the thalamus, excluding cases with lesions in other brain parenchyma areas apart from the thalamus, as identified by brain magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment, the Functional Ambulatory Category, the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System Swallowing Scale, and the short version of the Korean Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test were used to assess physical impairment. The Functional Independence Measure and modified Rankin Scale were used to assess functional outcomes. All measurements were conducted up to 24 months poststroke. A total of 297 patients were included, consisting of 235 with ischemic and 62 with hemorrhagic stroke. Except for the Functional Ambulatory Category and Functional Independence Measure, all physical impairments showed significant improvement up to 3 months poststroke (P<0.001) and reached a plateau. The Functional Ambulatory Category and Functional Independence Measure scores continued to improve up to 12 months poststroke (P<0.05) and reached a plateau. At 7 days poststroke, 47.5% of patients had no disability (modified Rankin Scale score<2), whereas at 24 months poststroke, 76.4% of patients had no significant disability. CONCLUSIONS: Patients showed rapid recovery from physical impairment up to 3 months poststroke, with additional improvements in ambulatory function and independence observed up to 12 months poststroke. Additionally, relatively favorable long-term functional prognosis at 24 months after onset was demonstrated. These results could provide insights into the proper management regarding functional outcomes of patients with isolated thalamic stroke.

Improved Intermediate Visual Function with New Monofocal Intraocular Lens in Combined Cataract and Vitrectomy Surgery for Retinal Disease.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of a newly generated monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) in patients with various retinal diseases who underwent combined cataract and pars plana vitrectomy surgery. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 33 patients with various retinal diseases. Monocular best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UCIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UCNVA), and contrast sensitivity were measured and compared with 40 age-matched patients in the standard monofocal IOL. RESULTS: The Eyhance IOL group demonstrated significantly better UCIVA at 6 months follow-up compared to the standard monofocal IOL group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in contrast sensitivity, BCDVA, UCDVA, or UCNVA. The regression analysis showed a significant association between preoperative corrected distance visual acuity and improved UCIVA in the Eyhance IOL group. CONCLUSIONS: The Eyhance ICB00 IOL proved to be a valuable option for patients with retinal diseases undergoing combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy. It effectively improved intermediate vision without compromising contrast sensitivity or distance visual acuity.

Three consecutive cytosolic glycolysis enzymes modulate autophagic flux.

Autophagy serves as an important recycling route for the growth and survival of eukaryotic organisms in nutrient-deficient conditions. Since starvation induces massive changes in the metabolic flux that are coordinated by key metabolic enzymes, specific processing steps of autophagy may be linked with metabolic flux-monitoring enzymes. We attempted to identify carbon metabolic genes that modulate autophagy using VIGS screening of 45 glycolysis- and Calvin-Benson cycle-related genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we report that three consecutive triose-phosphate-processing enzymes involved in cytosolic glycolysis, triose-phosphate-isomerase (TPI), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), designated TGP, negatively regulate autophagy. Depletion of TGP enzymes causes spontaneous autophagy induction and increases AUTOPHAGY-RELATED 1 (ATG1) kinase activity. TGP enzymes interact with ATG101, a regulatory component of the ATG1 kinase complex. Spontaneous autophagy induction and abnormal growth under insufficient sugar in TGP mutants are suppressed by crossing with the atg101 mutant. Considering that triose-phosphates are photosynthates transported to the cytosol from active chloroplasts, the TGP enzymes would be strategically positioned to monitor the flow of photosynthetic sugars and modulate autophagy accordingly. Collectively, these results suggest that TGP enzymes negatively control autophagy acting upstream of the ATG1 complex, which is critical for seedling development.

Evaluation of a New Monofocal Intraocular Lens in Patients Undergoing Cataract and Vitrectomy Surgery for Idiopathic Macular Hole.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of a newly generated monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) in patients who underwent combined cataract and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) surgery for idiopathic macular hole (MH). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 89 eyes of 89 patients who underwent combined cataract and PPV surgery for MH. The patients were divided into two groups: Eyhance ICB00 and Tecnis ZCB00. Pre-operative characteristics, post-operative visual outcomes, contrast sensitivity, and complications were compared between the two groups. A univariate regression analysis was performed to identify the factors that may affect the postoperative visual outcomes. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvement in mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) six months post-operation (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in pre-operative characteristics or complications between the two groups. However, the Eyhance ICB00 group showed a significantly higher uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UCIVA) value at 6 months after surgery than the Tecnis ZCB00 group (p = 0.014). Contrast sensitivity values were not significantly different between the two groups. The univariate regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between preoperative CDVA and minimum linear diameter of MH with postoperative UCIVA in the Eyhance ICB00 group. CONCLUSIONS: The newly generated Eyhance ICB00 IOL showed promising results in terms of post-operative UCIVA, with no significant difference in complications or contrast sensitivity values compared to the Tecnis ZCB00 IOL. These findings suggest that the Eyhance ICB00 IOL may be a useful option for patients who undergo combined cataract and PPV surgery for idiopathic MH, particularly for those who require intermediate visual acuity.

Tamsulosin-induced life-threatening hypotension in a patient with spinal cord injury: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Tamsulosin, a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, is commonly used for treating neurogenic bladder in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). No severe adverse events have been described with such tamsulosin use. To our knowledge, we report the first case of severe life-threatening hypotension as an adverse effect of tamsulosin in a person with SCI. Therefore, we report this case to inform that this severe adverse effect of tamsulosin can occur when treating patients with SCI. CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old woman was diagnosed with cervical spinal cord myelopathy and was classified as American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale D, neurological level of injury C3. Because she suffered from voiding difficulty due to neurogenic bladder, we prescribed tamsulosin. Her vital signs remained stable, but occasional hypotensive symptoms followed defecation. We reduced the dose of tamsulosin, but after administering tamsulosin for 9 d, she experienced life-threatening hypotension with no evidence of hypovolemic shock, neurogenic shock, cardiogenic shock, or septic shock. A hypotensive condition induced by tamsulosin was the suspected cause, and her symptoms could be associated with adverse effects of tamsulosin. As symptoms resolved after stopping tamsulosin, and no other reason was found, we concluded that tamsulosin was the cause of her symptoms. CONCLUSION: Caution for severe hypotension is needed when administering tamsulosin for neurogenic bladder in a patient with SCI.

Silencing of the Target of Rapamycin Complex Genes Stimulates Tomato Fruit Ripening.

The target of rapamycin complex (TORC) plays a key role in plant cell growth and survival by regulating the gene expression and metabolism according to environmental information. TORC activates transcription, mRNA translation, and anabolic processes under favorable conditions, thereby promoting plant growth and development. Tomato fruit ripening is a complex developmental process promoted by ethylene and specific transcription factors. TORC is known to modulate leaf senescence in tomato. In this study, we investigated the function of TORC in tomato fruit ripening using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the TORC genes, TOR, lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (LST8), and regulatory-associated protein of TOR (RAPTOR). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression levels of tomato TORC genes were the highest in the orange stage during fruit development in Micro-Tom tomato. VIGS of these TORC genes using stage 2 tomato accelerated fruit ripening with premature orange/red coloring and decreased fruit growth, when control tobacco rattle virus 2 (TRV2)-myc fruits reached the mature green stage. TORC-deficient fruits showed early accumulation of carotenoid lycopene and reduced cellulose deposition in pericarp cell walls. The early ripening fruits had higher levels of transcripts related to fruit ripening transcription factors, ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid synthesis, and cell wall modification. Finally, the early ripening phenotype in Micro-Tom tomato was reproduced in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker tomato by VIGS of the TORC genes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TORC plays an important role in tomato fruit ripening by modulating the transcription of various ripening-related genes.

RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity.

Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth-related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine-mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand-induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2-RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.

Analysis of Gait Characteristics Using Hip-Knee Cyclograms in Patients with Hemiplegic Stroke.

Gait disturbance is a common sequela of stroke. Conventional gait analysis has limitations in simultaneously assessing multiple joints. Therefore, we investigated the gait characteristics in stroke patients using hip-knee cyclograms, which have the advantage of simultaneously visualizing the gait kinematics of multiple joints. Stroke patients (n = 47) were categorized into two groups according to stroke severity, and healthy controls (n = 32) were recruited. An inertial measurement unit sensor-based gait analysis system, which requires placing seven sensors on the dorsum of both feet, the shafts of both tibias, the middle of both femurs, and the lower abdomen, was used for the gait analysis. Then, the hip-knee cyclogram parameters (range of motion, perimeter, and area) were obtained from the collected data. The coefficient of variance of the cyclogram parameters was obtained to evaluate gait variability. The cyclogram parameters differed between the stroke patients and healthy controls, and differences according to stroke severity were also observed. The gait variability parameters mainly differed in patients with more severe stroke, and specific visualized gait patterns of stroke patients were obtained through cyclograms. In conclusion, the hip-knee cyclograms, which show inter-joint coordination and visualized gait cycle in stroke patients, are clinically significant.

Chaperone-like protein DAY plays critical roles in photomorphogenesis.

Photomorphogenesis, light-mediated development, is an essential feature of all terrestrial plants. While chloroplast development and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling are known players in photomorphogenesis, proteins that regulate both pathways have yet to be identified. Here we report that DE-ETIOLATION IN THE DARK AND YELLOWING IN THE LIGHT (DAY), a membrane protein containing DnaJ-like domain, plays a dual-role in photomorphogenesis by stabilizing the BR receptor, BRI1, as well as a key enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis, POR. DAY localizes to both the endomembrane and chloroplasts via its first transmembrane domain and chloroplast transit peptide, respectively, and interacts with BRI1 and POR in their respective subcellular compartments. Using genetic analysis, we show that DAY acts independently on BR signaling and chlorophyll biogenesis. Collectively, this work uncovers DAY as a factor that simultaneously regulates BR signaling and chloroplast development, revealing a key regulator of photomorphogenesis that acts across cell compartments.

Coding of plant immune signals by surface receptors.

The detection of molecular signals derived from other organisms is central to the evolutionary success of plants in the colonization of Earth. The sensory coding of these signals is critical for marshaling local and systemic immune responses that keep most invading organisms at bay. Plants detect immune signals inside and outside their cells using receptors. Here, we focus on receptors that function at the cell surface. We present recent work that expands our understanding of the repertoire of immune signals sensed by this family of receptors.

Effects of Wearable Powered Exoskeletal Training on Functional Mobility, Physiological Health and Quality of Life in Non-ambulatory Spinal Cord Injury Patients.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious clinical condition that impacts a patient's physical, psychological, and socio-economic status. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of training with a newly developed powered wearable exoskeleton (Hyundai Medical Exoskeleton [H-MEX]) on functional mobility, physiological health, and quality of life in non-ambulatory SCI patients. METHODS: Participants received 60 minutes of walking training with a powered exoskeleton 3 times per week for 10 weeks (total 30 sessions). The 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and timed-up-and-go test (TUGT) were performed to assess ambulatory function. The physiological outcomes of interest after exoskeleton-assisted walking training were spasticity, pulmonary function, bone mineral density, colon transit time, and serum inflammatory markers. Effects of walking training on subjective outcomes were estimated by the Korean version of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey version 2. RESULTS: Ten participants finished 30 sessions of training and could ambulate independently. No severe adverse events were reported during the study. After training, the mean distance walked in the 6MWT (49.13 m) was significantly enhanced compared with baseline (20.65 m). The results of the TUGT also indicated a statistically significant improvement in the times required to stand up, walk 3 m and sit down. Although not statistically significant, clinically meaningful changes in some secondary physiological outcomes and/or quality of life were reported in some participants. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the newly developed wearable exoskeleton, H-MEX is safe and feasible for non-ambulatory SCI patients, and may have potential to improve quality of life of patients by assisting bipedal ambulation. These results suggest that the H-MEX can be considered a beneficial device for chronic non-ambulatory SCI patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04055610.

Signatures of antagonistic pleiotropy in a bacterial flagellin epitope.

Immune systems respond to "non-self" molecules termed microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Microbial genes encoding MAMPs have adaptive functions and are thus evolutionarily conserved. In the presence of a host, these genes are maladaptive and drive antagonistic pleiotropy (AP) because they promote microbe elimination by activating immune responses. The role AP plays in balancing the functionality of MAMP-coding genes against their immunogenicity is unknown. To address this, we focused on an epitope of flagellin that triggers antibacterial immunity in plants. Flagellin is conserved because it enables motility. Here, we decode the immunogenic and motility profiles of this flagellin epitope and determine the spectrum of amino acid mutations that drives AP. We discover two synthetic mutational tracks that undermine the detection activities of a plant flagellin receptor. These tracks generate epitopes with either antagonist or weaker agonist activities. Finally, we find signatures of these tracks layered atop each other in natural Pseudomonads.

A complex immune response to flagellin epitope variation in commensal communities.

Immune systems restrict microbial pathogens by identifying "non-self" molecules called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). It is unclear how immune responses are tuned to or by MAMP diversity present in commensal microbiota. We systematically studied the variability of commensal peptide derivatives of flagellin (flg22), a MAMP detected by plants. We define substantial functional diversity. Most flg22 peptides evade recognition, while others contribute to evasion by manipulating immunity through antagonism and signal modulation. We establish a paradigm of signal integration, wherein the sequential signaling outputs of the flagellin receptor are separable and allow for reprogramming by commensal-derived flg22 epitope variants. Plant-associated communities are enriched for immune evading flg22 epitopes, but upon physiological stress that represses the immune system, immune-activating flg22 epitopes become enriched. The existence of immune-manipulating epitopes suggests that they evolved to either communicate or utilize the immune system for host colonization and thus can influence commensal microbiota community composition.

Clinical outcome of rotator cuff repair in patients with mild to moderate glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: Osteoarthritis (OA) in the glenohumeral joint is a concomitant lesion with rotator cuff tear that commonly occurs in older patients. The authors aimed to evaluate the effect of associated OA on the treatment outcome of rotator cuff repair. METHODS: A total of three hundred and forty-eight patients who underwent full-thickness arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were retrospectively reviewed, and the data were prospectively collected. The severity of OA was evaluated using the Samilson and Prieto method preoperatively and the Outerbridge classification intraoperatively. The patients were divided into the small-to-medium group and large-to-massive group according to rotator cuff tear size and were evaluated for presence or absence of OA. The postoperative clinical outcomes were assessed using the visual analog scale for pain, simple shoulder test (SST), University of California-Los Angeles, Constant, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scoring systems at baseline and at final follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were diagnosed with glenohumeral OA (12.9%). Overall, no significant differences were observed in demographic and baseline data between the two groups according to the presence or absence of OA. The clinical symptoms of both groups significantly improved at the final follow-up. At the final follow-up, no significant differences were found in the VAS for pain, SST, UCLA, Constant, and ASES scores between the two groups. In the large-to-massive tear group, patients with OA had significantly inferior clinical results compared with those without OA. CONCLUSION: The clinical outcome scores improved after rotator cuff repair regardless of the presence of concomitant OA. However, glenohumeral OA should be considered as a potential negative prognostic factor in patients with large-to-massive rotator cuff tears. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Concomitant Coracoid Process Fracture with Bony Bankart Lesion Treated with the Latarjet Procedure.

Bony lesions of the glenoid and Hill-Sachs lesions are the most common injuries after a first-time traumatic shoulder dislocation. However, fracture of the coracoid process after traumatic shoulder dislocation is rare. A single, open surgical procedure could be performed by a Latarjet procedure using a fractured fragment of the coracoid process. If a fracture of the coracoid process is associated with a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation, the Latarjet procedure may be the most appropriate surgical option.

Risk of rectal puncture due to needle entry into the presacral space: Importance of measuring the distance between the rectum and sacrococcyx, and the thickness of the sacrococcyx.

During ganglion impar block, the needle may approach the presacral space and the sacrum may be penetrated during caudal anesthesia. Because the rectum is in front of the sacrococcyx and is thus at risk for puncture, it is important to determine the distance between the sacrococcyx and rectum, as well as the thickness of the sacrococcyx.Computed tomography was used to measure the distance between the rectum and sacrococcyx, as well as the thickness of the sacrococcyx. The distances between the coccyx and rectum, sacrococcygeal joint and rectum, sacral level 5 ('sacrum 5') and rectum, and 'sacrum 4 to 5 junction' and rectum were measured. The results were compared based on the presence or absence of stools in the rectum. The thickness of the sacrococcyx was measured at the sacrum 4 to 5 junction and sacrococcygeal joint.In total, 1264 patients were included in this study. All distances were less than 1 mm in both males and females, with the exception of the distance between the coccyx and rectum in males. In both males and females, there was no significant difference in distance between the sacrococcyx and rectum according to the presence or absence of feces in the rectum, but there was a difference in the distance between sacrum 5 and the rectum in males (P = .048). Several male and female patients showed thicknesses of less than 5 mm at the sacrococcygeal joint.Some patients have a distance of less than 1 mm between the sacrum and rectum. Practitioners should exercise caution when applying a needle to the presacral space. If the sacrum is accidentally penetrated during caudal block, rectum puncture cannot be ruled out. Excretion of feces does not influence the distance between the sacrococcyx and rectum in females.

Effect of Body Mass Index on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Propensity Analysis.

The impact of body mass index (BMI) on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is controversial, and few studies have focused on their relationship. We investigated the effects of BMI on PONV, taking into account other PONV risk factors. We analyzed adults over the age of 18 years who received general anesthesia between 2015 and 2019, using propensity score matching. Before propensity score matching, odds ratios (ORs) for PONV were lower for overweight (OR, 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87-0.96; p < 0.0001) or obese patients (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.71-0.84; p < 0.0001) than for normal-BMI patients. After matching, the ORs for PONV of overweight (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98; p = 0.016) and obese patients (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.63-0.79; p < 0.0001) were low. However, the ORs of underweight patients did not differ from those of normal-BMI patients, irrespective of matching. Therefore, the incidence of PONV may be lower among adults with a higher­than­normal BMI.

Effect of a Preoperative Proton Pump Inhibitor and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications after anesthesia, but no study has considered the effects of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on PONV at the same time. Thus, we investigated the effects of a PPI and GERD on PONV. Patients aged ≥18 years who underwent general anesthesia between 2010 and 2019 were enrolled. In total, 202,439 patients were included and 21,361 In a multivariate analysis, the OR for PONV was higher in subjects with GERD (OR, 1.157; 95% CI, 1.032-1.298; p = 0.012). The OR was lower for subjects with taking a PPI (OR, 0.890; 95% CI, 0.832-0.953; p < 0.0001). In patients without GERD, the incidence of PONV was lower when lansoprazole (OR, 0.801; 95% CI, 0.718-0.894; p < 0.0001), pantoprazole (OR, 0.856; 95% CI, 0.748-0.980; p = 0.025) and ilaprazole (OR, 0.391; 95% CI, 0.158-0.966; p = 0.042) were taken. However, in GERD patients, all PPIs did not show reducing the incidence of PONV. Taken together, the results show that a lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and ilaprazole reduced PONV in patients without GERD, and PPI could not reduce PONV in patients with GERD.

Damage Control: Cellular Logic in the Root Immune Response.

The organizational principles of the root immune system are largely uncharacterized. In the February 6, 2020 issue of Cell, Zhou et al. showed roots are built entirely by immunocompetent cells that require distinct instructions to unlock cell-autonomous immune programs. A root cell's developmental identity combined with its spatial distribution fine-tunes immune signal sensitivity, enabling sector-specific immune responses.

Comparison of the effect of propofol and desflurane on S-100ß and GFAP levels during controlled hypotension for functional endoscopic sinus surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Although surgical field visualization is important in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), the complications associated with controlled hypotension for surgery should be considered. Intraoperative hypotension is associated with postoperative stroke, leading to subsequent hypoxia with potential neurologic injury. We investigated the effect of propofol and desflurane anesthesia on S-100ß and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels which are early biomarkers for cerebral ischemic change during controlled hypotension for FESS. METHODS: For controlled hypotension during FESS, anesthesia was maintained with propofol/remifentanil in propofol group (n = 30) and with desflurane/remifentanil in desflurane group (n = 30). For S-100ß and GFAP assay, blood samples were taken at base, 20 and 60 minutes after achieving the target range of mean arterial pressure, and at 60 minutes after surgery. RESULTS: The base levels of S-100ß were 98.04 ±â€Š78.57 and 112.61 ±â€Š66.38 pg/mL in the propofol and desflurane groups, respectively. The base levels of GFAP were 0.997 ±â€Š0.486 and 0.898 ±â€Š0.472 ng/mL in the propofol and desflurane groups, respectively. The S-100ß and GFAP levels were significantly increased in the study period compared to the base levels in both groups (P ≤ .001). There was no significant difference at each time point between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: On comparing the effects of propofol and desflurane anesthesia for controlled hypotension on the levels of S-100ß and GFAP, we noted that there was no significant difference in S-100ß and GFAP levels between the 2 study groups. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Available at: http://cris.nih.go.kr, KCT0002698.